Artículo

Martial, C.; Cassol, H.; Charland-Verville, V.; Pallavicini, C.; Sanz, C.; Zamberlan, F.; Vivot, R.M.; Erowid, F.; Erowid, E.; Laureys, S.; Greyson, B.; Tagliazucchi, E. "Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports" (2019) Consciousness and Cognition. 69:52-69
Estamos trabajando para incorporar este artículo al repositorio
Consulte el artículo en la página del editor
Consulte la política de Acceso Abierto del editor

Abstract:

The real or perceived proximity to death often results in a non-ordinary state of consciousness characterized by phenomenological features such as the perception of leaving the body boundaries, feelings of peace, bliss and timelessness, life review, the sensation of traveling through a tunnel and an irreversible threshold. Near-death experiences (NDEs) are comparable among individuals of different cultures, suggesting an underlying neurobiological mechanism. Anecdotal accounts of the similarity between NDEs and certain drug-induced altered states of consciousness prompted us to perform a large-scale comparative analysis of these experiences. After assessing the semantic similarity between ≈15,000 reports linked to the use of 165 psychoactive substances and 625 NDE narratives, we determined that the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine consistently resulted in reports most similar to those associated with NDEs. Ketamine was followed by Salvia divinorum (a plant containing a potent and selective κ receptor agonist) and a series of serotonergic psychedelics, including the endogenous serotonin 2A receptor agonist N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT). This similarity was driven by semantic concepts related to consciousness of the self and the environment, but also by those associated with the therapeutic, ceremonial and religious aspects of drug use. Our analysis sheds light on the long-standing link between certain drugs and the experience of “dying“ suggests that ketamine could be used as a safe and reversible experimental model for NDE phenomenology, and supports the speculation that endogenous NMDA antagonists with neuroprotective properties may be released in the proximity of death. © 2019

Registro:

Documento: Artículo
Título:Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports
Autor:Martial, C.; Cassol, H.; Charland-Verville, V.; Pallavicini, C.; Sanz, C.; Zamberlan, F.; Vivot, R.M.; Erowid, F.; Erowid, E.; Laureys, S.; Greyson, B.; Tagliazucchi, E.
Filiación:Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness and Neurology Department, University and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Buenos Aires Physics Institute (IFIBA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Pabellón I, Ciudad Universitaria (1428), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Fundación para la lucha contra las enfermedades neurológicas de la infancia (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (BIOMED) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Erowid Center, Grass Valley, CA, United States
Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia Health System, United States
UMR7225 Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière (ICM), Paris, France
Palabras clave:Dissociatives; Near-death experience; Phenomenology; Psychedelics; ketamine; n,n dimethyltryptamine; psychedelic agent; psychotropic agent; adult; Article; consciousness; cultural anthropology; drug use; dying; female; human; male; neurobiology; neurochemistry; neuroprotection; personal experience; retrospective study; Salvia divinorum; semantics
Año:2019
Volumen:69
Página de inicio:52
Página de fin:69
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011
Título revista:Consciousness and Cognition
Título revista abreviado:Conscious. Cogn.
ISSN:10538100
CODEN:COCOF
CAS:ketamine, 1867-66-9, 6740-88-1, 81771-21-3; n,n dimethyltryptamine, 61-50-7
Registro:https://bibliotecadigital.exactas.uba.ar/collection/paper/document/paper_10538100_v69_n_p52_Martial

Referencias:

  • Addy, P.H., Garcia-Romeu, A., Metzger, M., Wade, J., The subjective experience of acute, experimentally-induced Salvia divinorum inebriation (2015) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29 (4), pp. 426-435
  • Adler, C.M., Malhotra, A.K., Elman, I., Goldberg, T., Egan, M., Pickar, D., Breier, A., Comparison of ketamine-induced thought disorder in healthy volunteers and thought disorder in schizophrenia (1999) The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156 (10), pp. 1646-1649
  • Alberich, S., Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M., López, P., Zorrilla, I., Núñez, N., Vieta, E., González-Pinto, A., Efficacy and safety of ketamine in bipolar depression: A systematic review (2017) Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, 10 (2), pp. 104-112
  • Albott, C.S., Lim, K.O., Forbes, M.K., Erbes, C., Tye, S.J., Grabowski, J.G., Shiroma, P.R., Efficacy, safety, and durability of repeated ketamine infusions for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and treatment-resistant depression (2018) Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 79 (3)
  • Athappilly, G.K., Greyson, B., Stevenson, I., Do prevailing societal models influence reports of near-death experiences?: A comparison of accounts reported before and after 1975 (2006) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194 (3), pp. 218-222
  • Bailey, G., Changes in osage social organization (1973) University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, 5, pp. 1673-1906
  • Barker, S.A., Borjigin, J., Lomnicka, I., Strassman, R., LC/MS/MS analysis of the endogenous dimethyltryptamine hallucinogens, their precursors, and major metabolites in rat pineal gland microdialysate (2013) Biomedical Chromatography, 27 (12), pp. 1690-1700
  • Barker, S.A., McIlhenny, E.H., Strassman, R., A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N,N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955–2010 (2012) Drug testing and Analysis, 4 (7-8), pp. 617-635
  • Barrett, F.S., Griffiths, R.R., Classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences: Phenomenology and neural correlates (2018) Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs, 36, pp. 393-430
  • Bedi, G., Cecchi, G.A., Slezak, D.F., Carrillo, F., Sigman, M., de Wit, H., A window into the intoxicated mind? Speech as an index of psychoactive drug effects (2014) Neuropsychopharmacology, 39 (10), pp. 2340-2348
  • Belanti, J., Perera, M., Jagadheesan, K., Phenomenology of near-death experiences: A cross-cultural perspective (2008) Transcultural Psychiatry, 45 (1), pp. 121-133
  • Bianco, S., Sambin, M., Palmieri, A., Meaning making after a near-death experience: The relevance of intrapsychic and interpersonal dynamics (2017) Death Studies, 41 (9), pp. 562-573
  • Borjigin, J., Lee, U., Liu, T., Pal, D., Huff, S., Klarr, D., Mashour, G.A., Surge of neurophysiological coherence and connectivity in the dying brain (2013) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (35), pp. 14432-14437
  • Britton, W.B., Bootzin, R.R., Near-death experiences and the temporal lobe (2004) Psychological Science, 15 (4), pp. 254-258
  • Bubeníková-Valesová, V., Horácek, J., Vrajová, M., Höschl, C., Models of schizophrenia in humans and animals based on inhibition of NMDA receptors (2008) Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32 (5), pp. 1014-1023
  • Carhart-Harris, R.L., Muthukumaraswamy, S., Roseman, L., Kaelen, M., Droog, W., Murphy, K., Nutt, D.J., Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging (2016) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (17), pp. 4853-4858
  • Carr, D., Prendergast, M., Endorphins at the approach of death (1981) The Lancet, 317
  • Cassol, H., Pétré, B., Degrange, S., Martial, C., Charland-Verville, V., Lallier, F., Laureys, S., Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences (2018) PLoS One, 13 (2), p. e0193001
  • Charland-Verville, V., Jourdan, J.P., Thonnard, M., Ledoux, D., Donneau, A.F., Quertemont, E., Laureys, S., Near-death experiences in non-life-threatening events and coma of different etiologies (2014) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, p. 203
  • Chavkin, C., James, I.F., Goldstein, A., Dynorphin is a specific endogenous ligand of the kappa opioid receptor (1982) Science, 215 (4531), pp. 413-415
  • Chavkin, C., Sud, S., Jin, W., Stewart, J., Zjawiony, J.K., Siebert, D.J., Roth, B.L., Salvinorin A, an active component of the hallucinogenic sage salvia divinorum is a highly efficacious kappa-opioid receptor agonist: Structural and functional considerations (2004) Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 308 (3), pp. 1197-1203
  • Chawla, L.S., Terek, M., Junker, C., Akst, S., Yoon, B., Brasha-Mitchell, E., Seneff, M.G., Characterization of end-of-life electroencephalographic surges in critically ill patients (2017) Death Studies, 41 (6), pp. 385-392
  • Church, J., Zeman, S., Lodge, D., The neuroprotective action of ketamine and MK-801 after transient cerebral ischemia in rats (1988) Anesthesiology, 69 (5), pp. 702-709
  • Corazza, O., Schifano, F., Near-death states reported in a sample of 50 misusers (2010) Substance Use & Misuse, 45 (6), pp. 916-924
  • Coyle, J., Presti, D., Baggott, M., Quantitative analysis of narrative reports of psychedelic drugs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1206.0312 (2012); Dakwar, E., Anerella, C., Hart, C.L., Levin, F.R., Mathew, S.J., Nunes, E.V., Therapeutic infusions of ketamine: Do the psychoactive effects matter? (2014) Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 136, pp. 153-157
  • Dawkins, R., The selfish gene (2006), Oxford University Press Oxford; New York; Devereux, P., The long trip: A prehistory of psychedelia (1997), Penguin Arkana New York; Dillon, P., Copeland, J., Jansen, K., Patterns of use and harms associated with non-medical ketamine use (2003) Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69 (1)
  • DiMaggio, D.A., Contreras, P.C., Quirion, R., O'Donohue, T.L., Isolation and identification of an endogenous ligand for the phencyclidine receptor (1986) NIDA Research Monograph, 64, pp. 24-36
  • dos Santos, R.G., Safety and side effects of ayahuasca in humans–an overview focusing on developmental toxicology (2013) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45 (1), pp. 68-78
  • Dos Santos, R.G., Bouso, J.C., Alcázar-Córcoles, M., Hallak, J.E.C., Efficacy, tolerability, and safety of serotonergic psychedelics for the management of mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders: A systematic review of systematic reviews (2018) Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 11 (9), pp. 889-902
  • Dougherty, C.M., The near-death experience as a major life transition (1990) Holistic Nursing Practice, 4 (3), pp. 84-90
  • Duffy, N., Olson, M., Supporting a patient after a near-death experience (2007) Nursing, 37 (4), pp. 46-48
  • El-Dabbas, S.W., Evans, W.C., Alkaloids of the genus datura, section brugmansia (1982) Planta Medica, 44 (3), pp. 184-185
  • Escohotado, A., A brief history of drugs: From the Stone Age to the stoned age (1999), Park Street Press Rochester, Vt; Facco, E., Agrillo, C., Near-death-like experiences without life-threatening conditions or brain disorders: A hypothesis from a case report (2012) Frontiers in Psychology, 3, p. 490
  • Fenwick, P., Is the near-death experience only N-methyl-D-aspartate blocking? (1997) Journal of Near-Death Studies, 16, pp. 42-53
  • Forstmann, M., Sagioglou, C., Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness (2017) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31 (8), pp. 975-988
  • Frecska, E., Szabo, A., Winkelman, M.J., Luna, L.E., McKenna, D.J., A possibly sigma-1 receptor mediated role of dimethyltryptamine in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity (2013) J Neural Transm (Vienna), 120 (9), pp. 1295-1303
  • French, C.C., Near-death experiences in cardiac arrest survivors (2005) Progress in Brain Research, 150, pp. 351-367
  • Fujikawa, D.G., Neuroprotective effect of ketamine administered after status epilepticus onset (1995) Epilepsia, 36 (2), pp. 186-195
  • Gasser, P., Holstein, D., Michel, Y., Doblin, R., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Passie, T., Brenneisen, R., Safety and efficacy of lysergic acid diethylamide-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with life-threatening diseases (2014) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202 (7), pp. 513-520
  • Gasser, P., Kirchner, K., Passie, T., LSD-assisted psychotherapy for anxiety associated with a life-threatening disease: A qualitative study of acute and sustained subjective effects (2015) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29 (1), pp. 57-68
  • Glue, P., Neehoff, S.M., Medlicott, N.J., Gray, A., Kibby, G., McNaughton, N., Safety and efficacy of maintenance ketamine treatment in patients with treatment-refractory generalised anxiety and social anxiety disorders (2018) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32 (6), pp. 663-667
  • Greyson, B., The near-death experience scale. Construction, reliability, and validity (1983) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171 (6), pp. 369-375
  • Greyson, B., Varieties of near-death experience (1993) Psychiatry, 56 (4), pp. 390-399
  • Greyson, B., The near-death experience as a focus of clinical attention (1997) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185 (5), pp. 327-334
  • Greyson, B., Posttraumatic stress symptoms following near-death experiences (2001) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71 (3), pp. 368-373
  • Greyson, B., Near-death experiences and spirituality (2006) Journal of Religion and Science, 41 (2), pp. 393-414
  • Greyson, B., Reduced death threat in near-death experiencers (2007) Death Studies, 16 (6), pp. 523-536
  • Greyson, B., Consistency of near-death experience accounts over two decades: Are reports embellished over time? (2007) Resuscitation, 73 (3), pp. 407-411
  • Greyson, B., The near-death experience (2008) Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 14 (3), p. 14. , author reply 14–15
  • Greyson, B., Bush, N.E., Distressing near-death experiences (1992) Psychiatry, 55 (1), pp. 95-110
  • Greyson, B., Holden, J.M., van Lommel, P., There is nothing paranormal about near-death experiences’ revisited: Comment on Mobbs and Watt (2012) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, p. 16
  • Greyson, B., Kelly, E.F., Dunseath, W.J., Surge of neurophysiological activity in the dying brain (2013) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110 (47), p. E4405
  • Griffiths, R.R., Johnson, M.W., Carducci, M.A., Umbricht, A., Richards, W.A., Richards, B.D., Klinedinst, M.A., Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial (2016) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30 (12), pp. 1181-1197
  • Grinspoon, L., Bakalar, J.B., Psychedelic drugs reconsidered (1979), Basic Books New York; Grob, C.S., Danforth, A.L., Chopra, G.S., Hagerty, M., McKay, C.R., Halberstadt, A.L., Greer, G.R., Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer (2011) Archives of General Psychiatry, 68 (1), pp. 71-78
  • Grof, S., Halifax, J., The human encounter with death (1977), E. P. Dutton New York; Hähnke, V.D., Kim, S., Bolton, E.E., PubChem chemical structure standardization (2018) Journal of Cheminformatics, 10 (1), p. 36
  • Halevy, A., Norvig, P., Pereira, F., The unreasonable effectiveness of data (2009) IEEE Intelligent Systems, 24 (2), pp. 8-12
  • Holaday, J.W., Faden, A.I., Naloxone reversal of endotoxin hypotension suggests role of endorphins in shock (1978) Nature, 275 (5679), pp. 450-451
  • Huang, T.S., Narendra, P.M., Image restoration by singular value decomposition (1975) Applied Optics, 14 (9), pp. 2213-2216
  • Hudetz, J.A., Pagel, P.S., Neuroprotection by ketamine: A review of the experimental and clinical evidence (2010) Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 24 (1), pp. 131-142
  • Iglesias-Lepine, M.L., Mariñosa, M., Ferrer-Da Pena, M.D., Epelde, F., The revival of datura and brugmansia as recreational drugs (2012) Medicina clinica, 139 (2), pp. 90-91
  • Jansen, K., Near death experience and the NMDA receptor (1989) BMJ, 298 (6689), p. 1708
  • Jansen, K.L., Neuroscience and the near-death experience: Roles for the NMSA-PCP receptor, the sigma receptor and the endopsychosins (1990) Medical Hypotheses, 31 (1), pp. 25-29
  • Jansen, K., The ketamine model of the near-death experience: A central role for the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (1997) Journal of Near – Death Studies, 16 (1), pp. 5-26
  • Jansen, K., Response to commentaries on the ketamine model of the near-death experience (1997) Journal of Near-Death Studies, 16 (1), pp. 79-95
  • Katz, J., Saadon-Grosman, N., Arzy, S., The life review experience: Qualitative and quantitative characteristics (2017) Consciousness and Cognition, 48, pp. 76-86
  • Kellehear, A., The near-death experience as status passage (1990) Social Science and Medicine, 31 (8), pp. 933-939
  • Kellehear, A., Culture, biology, and the near-death experience: A reappraisal (1993) Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181 (3), pp. 148-156
  • Kelly, E.W., Near-death experiences with reports of meeting deceased people (2001) Death Studies, 25 (3), pp. 229-249
  • Kolp, E., Ketamine-enhanced psychotherapy: Preliminary clinical observations on its effects in treating death anxiety (2007) International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 26 (1)
  • Kraehenmann, R., Dreams and psychedelics: Neurophenomenological comparison and therapeutic implications (2017) Current Neuropharmacology, 15 (7), pp. 1032-1042
  • Kyzar, E.J., Nichols, C.D., Gainetdinov, R.R., Nichols, D.E., Kalueff, A.V., Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine (2017) Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 38 (11), pp. 992-1005
  • Landauer, T.K., Laham, D., Derr, M., From paragraph to graph: Latent semantic analysis for information visualization (2004) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, pp. 5214-5219
  • Lange, R., Greyson, B., Houran, J., A Rasch scaling validation of a ‘core'near-death experience (2004) British Journal of Psychology, 95 (2), pp. 161-177
  • Lange, R., Greyson, B., Houran, J., Using computational linguistics to understand near-death experiences: Concurrent validity for the Near Death Experience Scale (2015) Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 2 (1)
  • Laureys, S., Gosseries, O., Tononi, G., The neurology of consciousness: Cognitive neuroscience and neuropathology (2016), Elsevier/AP, Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Amsterdam; Boston; Lazarewicz, M.T., Ehrlichman, R.S., Maxwell, C.R., Gandal, M.J., Finkel, L.H., Siegel, S.J., Ketamine modulates theta and gamma oscillations (2010) Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22 (7), pp. 1452-1464
  • Leary, T., Metzner, R., Ram, D., Karma gliṅ, P., The psychedelic experience. n.p., Folkways Records FL 9701. c1966 (1966); Lee, M.A., Shlain, B., Acid dreams: The complete social history of LSD: The CIA, the sixties, and beyond (1992), Grove Weidenfeld New York; Lewin, L., Wirth, P.H.A., Phantastica, narcotic and stimulating drugs; their use and abuse (1931), E.P. Dutton & Company New York; Loh, H.H., Tseng, L.F., Wei, E., Li, C.H., beta-endorphin is a potent analgesic agent (1976) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 73 (8), pp. 2895-2898
  • Luke, D., Psychoactive substances and paranormal phenomena: A comprehensive review (2008) International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 31 (1), p. 12
  • Luna, L., Indigenous and mestizo use of ayahuasca (2011) The Ethnopharmacology of Ayahuasca, 1 (21)
  • Lyons, T., Carhart-Harris, R.L., Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression (2018) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32 (7), pp. 811-819
  • Maas, U., Süster, S., Music in the Iboga-initiation ceremony in Gabon: Polyrhythms supporting a pharmacotherapy (2003) Music Therapy Today, 5 (3)
  • Marcoux, F.W., Goodrich, J.E., Dominick, M.A., Ketamine prevents ischemic neuronal injury (1988) Brain Research, 452 (1-2), pp. 329-335
  • Martial, C., Cassol, H., Antonopoulos, G., Charlier, T., Heros, J., Donneau, A.F., Laureys, S., Temporality of features in near-death experience narratives (2017) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, p. 311
  • McKetin, R., Methamphetamine psychosis: Insights from the past (2018) Addiction, 113 (8), pp. 1522-1527
  • Meduna, L., The effect of carbon dioxide upon the functions of the brain (1950), Charles Springfield (IL); Millière, R., Carhart-Harris, R., Roseman, L., Trautwein, F.-M., Berkovich-Ohana, A., Psychedelics, meditation, and self-consciousness (2018) Frontiers in Psychology, 9 (1475)
  • Minarro-Giménez, J.A., Marín-Alonso, O., Samwald, M., Exploring the application of deep learning techniques on medical text corpora (2014) Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 205, pp. 584-588
  • Mobs, D., Watt, C., There is nothing paranormal about near-death experiences: How neuroscience can explain seeing bright lights, meeting the dead, or being convinced you are one of them (2011) Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15 (10), pp. 447-449
  • Moore, L.E., Greyson, B., Characteristics of memories for near-death experiences (2017) Consciousness and Cognition, 51, pp. 116-124
  • Moody, R.A., Life After Life: The Investigation of a Phenomena, Survival of Bodily Death (1975), Mockingbird Books; Morse, M.L., Venecia, D., Milstein, J., Near-death experiences: A neurophysiologic explanatory model (1989) Journal of Near-death studies, 8 (1), pp. 45-53
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., High-frequency brain activity and muscle artifacts in MEG/EEG: A review and recommendations (2013) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, pp. 1-11
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., Carhart-Harris, R.L., Moran, R.J., Brookes, M.J., Williams, T.M., Errtizoe, D., Nutt, D.J., Broadband cortical desynchronization underlies the human psychedelic state (2013) Journal of Neuroscience, 33 (38), pp. 15171-15183
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., Liley, D.T., 1/f electrophysiological spectra in resting and drug-induced states can be explained by the dynamics of multiple oscillatory relaxation processes (2018) NeuroImage, 179, pp. 582-595
  • Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., Shaw, A.D., Jackson, L.E., Hall, J., Moran, R., Saxena, N., Evidence that subanesthetic doses of ketamine cause sustained disruptions of NMDA and AMPA-mediated frontoparietal connectivity in humans (2015) Journal of Neuroscience, 35 (33), pp. 11694-11706
  • Nichols, D.E., Differences between the mechanism of action of MDMA, MBDB, and the classic hallucinogens. Identification of a new therapeutic class: Entactogens (1986) Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 18 (4), pp. 305-313
  • Nichols, D.E., Psychedelics (2016) Pharmacological Reviews, 68 (2), pp. 264-355
  • Nichols, D.E., N, N-dimethyltryptamine and the pineal gland: Separating fact from myth (2018) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32 (1), pp. 30-36
  • Niciu, M.J., Shovestul, B.J., Jaso, B.A., Farmer, C., Luckenbaugh, D.A., Brutsche, N.E., Zarate, C.A., Features of dissociation differentially predict antidepressant response to ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (2018) Journal of Affective Disorders, 232, pp. 310-315
  • Noyes, R., Attitude change following near-death experiences (1980) Psychiatry, 43 (3), pp. 234-242
  • Nutt, D.J., King, L.A., Nichols, D.E., Effects of Schedule I drug laws on neuroscience research and treatment innovation (2013) Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14 (8), pp. 577-585
  • Owens, J.E., Cook, E.W., Stevenson, I., Features of “near-death experience” in relation to whether or not patients were near death (1990) Lancet, 336 (8724), pp. 1175-1177
  • Palhano-Fontes, F., Barreto, D., Onias, H., Andrade, K.C., Novaes, M.M., Pessoa, J.A., Mota-Rolim, S.A., Araújo, D.B., Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial (2018) Psychological Medicine, pp. 1-9
  • Parnia, S., Spearpoint, K., Fenwick, P.B., Near death experiences, cognitive function and psychological outcomes of surviving cardiac arrest (2007) Resuscitation, 74 (2), pp. 215-221
  • Perrine, D.M., The chemistry of mind-altering drugs : History, pharmacology, and cultural context (1996), American Chemical Society Washington, DC; Rabi, J., Topical ketamtene: A review of the history, mechanisms, uses, safety, and future (2016) International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, 20 (2), pp. 107-113
  • Rätsch, C., The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: Ethnopharmacology and its applications (2005), Park Street Press Rochester, Vt; Ring, K., Life at death: A scientific investigation of the near-death experience (1982), Quill New York; Ring, K., Guest editorial: Paradise is paradise: Reflections on psychedelic drugs, mystical experience, and the near-death experience (1988) Journal of Near-Death Studies, 6 (3), pp. 138-148
  • Riva-Posse, P., Reiff, C.M., Edwards, J.A., Job, G.P., Galendez, G.C., Garlow, S.J., McDonald, W.M., Blood pressure safety of subanesthetic ketamine for depression: A report on 684 infusions (2018) Journal of Affective Disorders, 236, pp. 291-297
  • Roth, B.L., Baner, K., Westkaemper, R., Siebert, D., Rice, K.C., Steinberg, S., Rothman, R.B., Salvinorin A: A potent naturally occurring nonnitrogenous kappa opioid selective agonist (2002) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (18), pp. 11934-11939
  • Rothman, S.M., Olney, J.W., Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic–ischemic brain damage (1986) Annals of Neurology, 19 (2), pp. 105-111
  • Royse, D., Badger, K., Near-death experiences, posttraumatic growth, and life satisfaction among burn survivors (2017) Social Work in Health Care, 56 (3), pp. 155-168
  • Saavedra-Aguilar, J.C., Gómez-Jeria, J.S., A neurobiological model for near-death experiences (1989) Journal of Near-Death Studies, 7 (4), pp. 205-222
  • Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., Erowid, E., Erowid, F., Tagliazucchi, E., The experience elicited by hallucinogens presents the highest similarity to dreaming within a large database of psychoactive substance reports (2018) Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, p. 7
  • Sattar, Y., Wilson, J., Khan, A.M., Adnan, M., Azzopardi Larios, D., Shrestha, S., Rahman, Q., Rumesa, F., A review of the mechanism of antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor by ketamine in treatment-resistant depression (2018) Cureus, 10 (5)
  • Schenberg, E.E., Alexandre, J.F.M., Filev, R., Cravo, A.M., Sato, J.R., Muthukumaraswamy, S.D., Yonamine, M., da Silveira, D.X., Acute biphasic effects of ayahuasca (2015) PLoS One, 10 (9)
  • Schultes, R.E., Hofmann, A., Rätsch, C., Plants of the gods: their sacred, healing, and hallucinogenic powers (2001), Healing Arts Press Rochester, Vt; Schultes, R.E., Raffauf, R.F., Vine of the soul: Medicine men, their plants and rituals in the Colombian Amazonia (2004), Synergetic Press Sante Fe, N.M; Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P.R., Schechtman, K.B., Weiss, A.N., A prospective analysis of near-death experiences in cardiac arrest patients (2002) Journal of Near-Death Studies, 20 (4), pp. 215-232
  • Shapiro, H., Waiting for the man: The story of drugs and popular music (1988), Morrow New York; Sheffler, D.J., Roth, B.L., Salvinorin A: The “magic mint” hallucinogen finds a molecular target in the kappa opioid receptor (2003) Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 24 (3), pp. 107-109
  • Shulgin, A.T., Shulgin, A., TIHKAL: the continuation. Berkeley, Calif., Transform. (1997); Siegel, R., Hashish near-death experiences (1984) The Journal of Near-Death Studies, 4, pp. 70-86
  • Sivanesan, E., Gitlin, M.C., Candiotti, K.A., Opioid-induced hallucinations: A review of the literature, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment (2017) Survey of Anesthesiology, 61 (1), p. 21
  • Sleutjes, A., Moreira-Almeida, A., Greyson, B., Almost 40 years investigating near-death experiences: An overview of mainstream scientific journals (2014) The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202 (11), pp. 833-836
  • Sotelo, J., Perez, R., Guevara, P., Fernandez, A., Changes in brain, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid contents of beta-endorphin in dogs at the moment of death (1995) Neurological Research, 17 (3), pp. 223-225
  • Strassman, R., Endogenous ketamine-like compounds and the NDE: If so, so what? (1997) Journal of Near-Death Experiences, 16
  • Strassman, R., DMT: The spirit molecule : A doctor's revolutionary research into the biology of near-death and mystical experiences (2001), Park Street Press Rochester, Vt; Strassman, R.J., Qualls, C.R., Uhlenhuth, E.H., Kellner, R., Dose-response study of N, N-dimethyltryptamine in humans. II. Subjective effects and preliminary results of a new rating scale (1994) Archives of General Psychiatry, 51 (2), pp. 98-108
  • Studerus, E., Gamma, A., Kometer, M., Vollenweider, F.X., Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers (2012) PLoS ONE, 7 (2), p. e30800
  • Sumnall, H.R., Measham, F., Brandt, S.D., Cole, J.C., Salvia divinorum use and phenomenology: Results from an online survey (2011) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 25 (11), pp. 1496-1507
  • Szabo, A., Kovacs, A., Riba, J., Djurovic, S., Rajnavolgyi, E., Frecska, E., The endogenous hallucinogen and trace amine N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) displays potent protective effects against hypoxia via sigma-1 receptor activation in human primary iPSC-derived cortical neurons and microglia-like immune cells (2016) Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, p. 423
  • Timmermann, C., Roseman, L., Williams, L., Erritzoe, D., Martial, C., Cassol, H., Carhart-Harris, R., DMT models the near-death experience (2018) Frontiers in Psychology, 9, p. 1424
  • Tognoli, E., Kelso, J.A., Enlarging the scope: Grasping brain complexity (2014) Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, p. 122
  • Tononi, G., Integrated information theory of consciousness: An updated account (2012) Archives Italiennes de Biologie, 150 (4), pp. 293-329
  • Tononi, G., Edelman, G.M., Consciousness and complexity (1998) Science, 282 (5395), pp. 1846-1851
  • Toro, G., Thomas, B., Drugs of the dreaming : Oneirogens: Salvia divinorum and other dream-enhancing plants (2007), Park Street Press Rochester, Vt; Vohra, R., Seefeld, A., Cantrell, F.L., Clark, R.F., Salvia divinorum: Exposures reported to a statewide poison control system over 10 years (2011) Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40 (6), pp. 643-650
  • Wallach, J., Brandt, S.D., Phencyclidine-based new psychoactive substances (2018) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
  • Wilkins, L.K., Girard, T.A., Cheyne, J.A., Ketamine as a primary predictor of out-of-body experiences associated with multiple substance use (2011) Consciousness and Cognition, 20 (3), pp. 943-950
  • Winstock, A.R., Kaar, S., Borschmann, R., Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): Prevalence, user characteristics and abuse liability in a large global sample (2014) Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28 (1), pp. 49-54

Citas:

---------- APA ----------
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., Vivot, R.M.,..., Tagliazucchi, E. (2019) . Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. Consciousness and Cognition, 69, 52-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011
---------- CHICAGO ----------
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., et al. "Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports" . Consciousness and Cognition 69 (2019) : 52-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011
---------- MLA ----------
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., et al. "Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports" . Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 69, 2019, pp. 52-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011
---------- VANCOUVER ----------
Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Pallavicini, C., Sanz, C., Zamberlan, F., et al. Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. Conscious. Cogn. 2019;69:52-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2019.01.011